--- name: time-series-ds description: Comprehensive time series data science skill covering feature engineering, model training, and competition-winning strategies for forecasting and prediction problems. ---

Time Series Data Science - Complete Guide

Expert time series data scientist specializing in forecasting, sequential prediction, and competition-winning strategies. This skill covers the complete pipeline from EDA to production-ready models.

Core Principles

Key Lessons from Winning Solutions

1. Feature Engineering > Model Complexity

- Focus on 5-10 most predictive features, not all available - Lag, rolling, and EWM features are often more valuable than the raw data - Interaction features between top predictors can be game-changers

1. Time-Based Validation is Critical

- NEVER use random splits for time series - Train on past, validate on future (e.g., ts_index <= threshold) - Leakage from future data will destroy real-world performance

1. Weights Matter in Scoring

- If weights are provided, use them directly in training - High-weight samples disproportionately affect score - Sample weighting in model.fit() is better than custom loss

1. Multi-Seed Ensemble for Robustness

- Train same model with different random seeds - Average predictions reduces variance - Common seeds: 42, 2024, or any fixed set

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Feature Engineering Toolkit

1. Lag Features

GROUP_COLS = ['entity_id', 'category', 'horizon']

for lag in [1, 3, 5, 10]:
    df[f'{col}_lag{lag}'] = df.groupby(GROUP_COLS)[col].shift(lag)

2. Rolling Statistics

for window in [5, 10, 20]:
    df[f'{col}_roll_mean{window}'] = df.groupby(GROUP_COLS)[col].transform(
        lambda x: x.rolling(window, min_periods=1).mean()
    )
    df[f'{col}_roll_std{window}'] = df.groupby(GROUP_COLS)[col].transform(
        lambda x: x.rolling(window, min_periods=1).std()
    )

3. Exponential Weighted Mean (EWM)

for span in [5, 10]:
    df[f'{col}_ewm{span}'] = df.groupby(GROUP_COLS)[col].transform(
        lambda x: x.ewm(span=span, adjust=False).mean()
    )

4. Difference Features

df[f'{col}_diff1'] = df.groupby(GROUP_COLS)[col].diff(1)
df[f'{col}_diff_pct'] = df.groupby(GROUP_COLS)[col].pct_change(1)

5. Interaction Features

# Difference between related features
df['feat_diff'] = df['feature_a'] - df['feature_b']

# Ratio between features
df['feat_ratio'] = df['feature_a'] / (df['feature_b'] + 1e-7)

# Product interactions
df['feat_product'] = df['feature_a'] * df['feature_b']

6. Target Encoding (for categories)

# Compute on training data only (ts_index <= threshold)
train_only = df[df.ts_index <= VAL_THRESHOLD]

enc_stats = {
    'category': train_only.groupby('category')['target'].mean().to_dict(),
    'global_mean': train_only['target'].mean()
}

# Apply to all data
df['category_enc'] = df['category'].map(enc_stats['category']).fillna(enc_stats['global_mean'])

7. Temporal Signals

# Cyclical encoding for periodicity
df['t_cycle'] = np.sin(2 * np.pi * df['ts_index'] / period)
df['t_cycle_cos'] = np.cos(2 * np.pi * df['ts_index'] / period)

# Normalized time position
df['ts_normalized'] = df['ts_index'] / df['ts_index'].max()

# Time bins
df['ts_bin'] = pd.cut(df['ts_index'], bins=10, labels=False)

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Model Training Patterns

LightGBM Configuration (Competition-Tested)

lgb_cfg = {
    'objective': 'regression',
    'metric': 'rmse',
    'learning_rate': 0.015,
    'n_estimators': 4000,
    'num_leaves': 80,
    'min_child_samples': 200,
    'feature_fraction': 0.6,
    'bagging_fraction': 0.7,
    'bagging_freq': 5,
    'lambda_l1': 0.1,
    'lambda_l2': 10.0,
    'verbosity': -1
}

Multi-Seed Ensemble Training

val_pred = np.zeros(len(y_val))
test_pred = np.zeros(len(X_test))

for seed in [42, 2024]:
    model = lgb.LGBMRegressor(**lgb_cfg, random_state=seed)
    
    model.fit(
        X_train, y_train,
        sample_weight=w_train,  # Use weights directly
        eval_set=[(X_val, y_val)],
        eval_sample_weight=[w_val],
        callbacks=[lgb.early_stopping(200, verbose=False)]
    )
    
    val_pred += model.predict(X_val) / 2
    test_pred += model.predict(X_test) / 2

Horizon-Specific Models

# Train separate model per forecast horizon
for horizon in [1, 3, 10, 25]:
    train_h = df[df.horizon == horizon]
    test_h = test_df[test_df.horizon == horizon]
    
    # Build features, train model
    model = train_model(train_h, test_h)
    predictions[horizon] = model.predict(test_h)

---

Validation Strategies

Time-Based Split

VAL_THRESHOLD = int(df['ts_index'].max() * 0.85)

train_mask = df['ts_index'] <= VAL_THRESHOLD
val_mask = df['ts_index'] > VAL_THRESHOLD

X_train = df.loc[train_mask, feature_cols]
X_val = df.loc[val_mask, feature_cols]

Expanding Window Cross-Validation

from sklearn.model_selection import TimeSeriesSplit

tscv = TimeSeriesSplit(n_splits=5)
for train_idx, val_idx in tscv.split(df):
    # Train on expanding window
    pass

Custom Metrics

def weighted_rmse_score(y_true, y_pred, weights):
    """Weighted RMSE skill score (higher is better)"""
    denom = np.sum(weights * y_true**2)
    if denom <= 0:
        return 0.0
    numer = np.sum(weights * (y_true - y_pred)**2)
    ratio = numer / denom
    return float(np.sqrt(1.0 - np.clip(ratio, 0.0, 1.0)))

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EDA Checklist

1. Target Analysis

- Distribution by time period - Distribution by category/horizon - Trend and seasonality detection

1. Missing Values

- Pattern analysis (random vs systematic) - Group-based imputation strategy

1. Weight Distribution

- Concentration analysis - Impact on scoring metric

1. Feature Correlations

- Correlation with target - Multicollinearity between features

1. Temporal Patterns

- Stationarity tests - Rolling statistics visualization

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Common Pitfalls to Avoid

| Pitfall | Solution | |---------|----------| | Random train/test split | Use time-based split | | Using future data for encoding | Compute stats on train only | | Ignoring sample weights | Use sample_weight in fit() | | Too many features | Focus on top 5-10 predictors | | Single model | Multi-seed ensemble | | Overfitting validation | Large early stopping patience |

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Competition Workflow

graph TD
    A[Load Data] --> B[Compute Encoding Stats on Train]
    B --> C[Build Features]
    C --> D[Time-Based Split]
    D --> E{For Each Horizon}
    E --> F[Train Multi-Seed Ensemble]
    F --> G[Validate & Score]
    G --> H[Generate Predictions]
    H --> I[Aggregate & Submit]

---

Quick Reference Commands

# Run complete pipeline
python train_winning.py

# Generate submission
python generate_submission.py

# Validate submission format
python -c "
import pandas as pd
sub = pd.read_csv('submission.csv')
print(f'Rows: {len(sub)}, Cols: {list(sub.columns)}')
print(sub.head())
"

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Integration with Other Workflows

• Use with /data-analyst for comprehensive EDA
• Use with /data-scientist for advanced feature engineering
• Use with /fintech-engineer for financial risk analysis
• Combine predictions with /quant-analyst for portfolio strategies